![]() ![]() ![]() Biomarkers for MS come from the areas of immunology and neurobiology due to the causal pathomechanisms. Molecular biomarkers, on the other hand, are easily quantifiable and can excellently complement MRI and clinical characteristics. However, although it is possible to quantify and standardize these characteristics in larger patient groups, it is not possible until now in individual patients. Currently, the lesion load in the CNS determined by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as well as clinical characteristics, e.g., relapse rate and disability progression, play the most important role. It is therefore very important to define specific features of the disease that facilitate diagnosis and prognosis and allow an assessment of the therapeutic response and risk of side effects. The disease shows a great heterogeneity with regard to radiological and histopathological changes, clinical appearance and progression, as well as therapy response. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by inflammatory demyelination and neurodegeneration in the central nervous system (CNS). ![]() In addition, clinically relevant and promising biomarkers from the blood and cerebrospinal fluid are presented which are useful for MS diagnosis and prognosis as well as for the assessment of therapy response and side effects. This review describes the characteristics that an ideal MS biomarker should have and the challenges of establishing new biomarkers. Only a few molecular biomarkers have so far been routinely used in clinical practice as their validation and transfer take a long time. Complementary, molecular biomarkers which are easily quantifiable come from the areas of immunology and neurobiology due to the causal pathomechanisms and can excellently complement other disease characteristics. However, the application of clinical and imaging biomarkers is currently not able to allow individual characterization and prediction. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory-neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system presenting with significant inter- and intraindividual heterogeneity. ![]()
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